Lung Cancer The Devastating Disease - 1145 Words

Lung Cancer: The Devastating Disease Lung cancer is a disgusting disease that many have died from. It is the largest single cause of cancer deaths in America. It causes more deaths than colon, breast and pancreatic cancer combined. People shouldn’t have to suffer from this disease. We have to prevent any more cases of lung cancer. What is lung cancer? It is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that start off in one or both of the lungs. The abnormal cells do not develop into healthy tissue, they divide rapidly and form into tumors. As tumors become stronger and bigger it undermines the lungs ability to produce oxygen in the bloodstream. Now what causes lung cancer? Well the number one leading cause of lung cancer is smoking. According to www.webmd.com ,around ninety percent of lung cancers arise because of tobacco use. The risk of lung cancer increases with the number of cigarettes over time. Pipe and cigar can also cause lung cancer, although the risk is not as high as cigarettes. While someone who smokes one pack a day has a risk for the development of lung cancer that is twenty-five higher than a non-smoker, pipe and cigar smokers have a risk of lung cancer that is about five times that of a non-smoker. What are the symptoms of lung cancer? Intense coughing, shortness of breath or a change in the color of sputum are some of the many symptoms. There is also pain in the chest,shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing. Some major ones are coughing up blood,Show MoreRelatedEffects Of Air Pollution Essay855 Words   |  4 Pagesthe humanity. It does not have any borders each member of our planet is affected by its devastating effects. Air pollution is the main factor contributing to general environmental problems. It is the emission of particulates, harmful materials, and biological molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere and is caused by both human and natural factors. The effects of air pollution are shocking. It causes numerous diseases in human organisms, animals, natural crops, ruins the balance of the environmental systemRead MoreAsbestos Poisoning1056 Words   |  5 Pagescan have on humans. Its toxicity stems from the fact that the microscopic fibers which make up a sbestos in its pure form can have a devastating impact on human health when they are inhaled or ingested. III. INTRODUCTION Definition Asbestos poisoning occurs when the microscopic fibers that asbestos consist of are inhaled or ingested. This can have a devastating effect on human  health. The effects of  asbestos  poisoning are not immediate as is the case with many other poisons. When you inhaleRead MoreThe Dangers Of Smoking Cigarettes786 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause it causes diseases which cost billions of dollars a year in healthcare. It is also the leading cause of diseases and deaths in the US. Smoking cigarettes is an unhealthy habit that unfortunely affects many Americans. Quitting can help reduce the amount of health issues associated with smoking. Smoking cigarettes has been found to be the leading cause of lung cancer. There has been multiple studies of the effects of cigarettes and the dangers of them. According to the American Lung AssociationRead MoreArgumentative Essay Smoking845 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking is a silent killer. Smoking is the process of breathing in smoke from burning cigarette, tobacco and weed into the lungs, blood stream, and brain. Smoking does many dangerous things to the body of both smokers and nonsmokers that people are not aware of due to lack of education and social influence. Nonsmoker are affected just by inhaling the air filled with smoke from smoker. So even if I don’t smoke but have people around me that smoke can impact my health negatively. Generations unbornRead MoreCommon Symptoms Of Lung Cancer Essay1106 Words   |  5 PagesSymptoms of Lung Cancer You Can t Afford to Ignore By Alex Bismuth | Submitted On November 02, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Being familiar with the symptoms of lung cancer can help you get itRead MoreThe Dangers of Smoking1037 Words   |  4 Pageswithin a minute† (Cohen, 37). Tobacco causes many cancers, diseases, and deaths. Based upon the facts and figures of the American Cancer Society there are approximately 125,000 lung cancer deaths that can be attributed to the use of tobacco products. Tobacco also causes heart disease, blindness, impaired senses, infertility, and asthma. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention states: â€Å"for every person who dies from a smoking related disease, about 30 more people suffer with at least 1 seriousRead More The Long Term Effects of Marijuana Essay1207 Words   |  5 Pagesdistorted perception (sights, sounds, time, touch), trouble with thinking and problem solving, loss of coordination, increased heart rate, anxiety and panic attacks (Ferguson 23). A new analysis by Bachman examines how marijuana is potentially devastating to adolescents because it suppresses motivation, drive, and commitment to family and school. Although these researcher’s studies have covered many topics about marijuana, the actual long-term effects caused by inhaled marijuana smoke is a topicRead MoreLung Cancer : The Most Common Cause Of Cancer1309 Words   |  6 PagesLung Cancer is by far the most common cause of cancer related death in the world. Every year more than 200,00 Americans are diagnosed with lung cancer and over 100,000 Americans die from lung cancer. Lung Cancer is partly preventable with smoking cessation and it is slowly decreasing in the developed countries because of the many campaigns against tobacco addiction developed in the last decades but this is not the case in developing countries. In addition, we are observing a growing amount ofRead MoreTobacco Should Be Made Illegal Essay1010 Words   |  5 Pagesmonoxide, tar, formaldehyde, cyanide, and ammonia—many of which are known carcinogens. Cigarette smoking accounts for about one-third of all cancers, including 90 percent of lung cancer cases. In addition to cancer, smoking causes lung diseases such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, heart attack, vascular disease, and aneurysm. Because of all the damaging effect that tobacco has on the body, the life expectancy for smokers is at least ten years shorterRead MoreTobacco Smoking1372 Words   |  6 Pagesposition that enables them to cope with the hectic lifestyle th ey are living. However, smoking has been scientifically proven to cause many types of cancer, the most common being lung cancer resulting in numerous deaths across the United States. According to WHO (World Health Organization), Smoking is a greater cause of death and disability than any single disease. Evidently, the benefits and drawbacks of smoking have been debated for many years, and only recently have some countries have placed a ban

Leadership Assessment The Health Care System Essay

Leadership Assessment The Health Care System s purpose is to meet the physical and mental health needs of the communities in which they serve, these systems operate using people working within heal care facilities as well as other health delivery resources. One group of individual that help with facility operations are nursing administrators. Nursing Administrators contribute in managing along with directing the nursing care delivery system. Their leadership style, characteristics, communication strategies, including the way that they negotiate as well as manage conflicts can determine the quality of the healthcare services treat the facility provide as well as help to develop a set of guidelines to standardize the type and quality of the nursing services. (Cipriano, 2011) Together the Nurse Mangers work toward the same goals along with guiding nurses in their practice and contribute to the facilities successes. (Frankel, 2011) The nursing leaders are advocates who directly affect the quality of the nurs ing care along with also having a positive impact on healthcare through leadership. Health care system Yale-new Haven Health System is one of the Connecticut leading healthcare systems. (Yale New Haven Health Delivery Networks, 2016) The Health System consists of Bridgeport, Greenwich Hospital, in addition, Yale-New Haven Hospitals along with Northeast Medical Group, a physician foundation of primary doctor and plus medical specialists, as well as numerousShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement On Health Assessment Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pagesblock –1 (Health assessment). I wil be identifying 10 concepts from them and thoroughly scrutinize how they would apply to my personal life and other contextual settings such as social context, coupled with current related researches on these concept. However, their applications to my current work place (Havana specialist Hospital, Surulere, and Lagos, Nigeria) and their usefulness to the current world will also be discussed. The concepts are as follows: Communication in Health Assessment (Module1)Read MoreMy Philosophy Of Nursing Philosophy1481 Words   |  6 Pageswith diverse patient population and other healthcare professionals, while working in different setting as a nursing in the health care. This also addresses nurse s ethics, goal and values as it relates to my nursing practice. My Nursing Philosophy is based on five components: nursing, Person, environment, holistic care and health. Person: One of the central concept in nursing care is person or human being (McEwen and Wills 2007). My nursing philosophy focused on treating each person as a unique individualRead MoreLeadership Styles And Standards For Creating Healthy Work Environments930 Words   |  4 PagesNUR 565: Leadership and Healthy Work Environments Economist John Maynard Keynes once said that â€Å"the hardest thing is not to get people to accept new ideas; it is to get them to forget old ones† (Porter-O’Grady, Malloch, 2015). In the United States, the healthcare system is a testament to this. Both leadership styles and standards for creating healthy work environments are factors immediately affecting healthcare and its development today. Assessing current leaderships styles and suggesting the inclusionRead MoreImproving The Health Care System Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Fixing problems that face health care in many health facilities demand a system wide set of solutions. The systems used in these facilities must be assessed and redesigned to identify factors that will aid in the achievement of the set goals. The enormous task of achieving the goals should be undertaken collaboratively by all the key stakeholders, who include, health care professionals, planners and policy makers, administrators, payers, and patients and their families. These partnershipsRead MoreResponsibility For The Oversight, Engagement, Integration, And Management Of All Risk Adjustment And Comprehensive Health Assessment1206 Words   |  5 Pagescomprehensive health assessment strategies and programs for HealthCare Partners. Serves an essential leadership role in guiding the clinical policies, practices, and programs of HealthCare Partners with final clinical accountability for the quality and appropriateness of clinical documentation and data integrity. Functions in a criti cal leadership role in transforming and aligning geographic market practices and the organization’s overall vision of a value-based, clinically integrated system that isRead MoreInterview With A Certified Nurse Practitioner1446 Words   |  6 PagesOur healthcare system is ever evolving, remarkably changing the sphere of nursing practice. The roles of Advanced Nurse Practice practitioners are expanding, taking up a multitude of roles across a diversified healthcare specialties. Advance Nurse Practice practitioner stands as leader in this comprehensive profession bridging the gap in management and clinical aspect of care (McDermott Morant, 2010), reflecting the complexity of culture, organization and practice setting (Hyrkas Dende,2008)Read MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage pregnancy has long been acknowledged as an important health, social and economic problem in the United States, one that creates hardships for women and families and threatens the health and well-being of women and their infants. Unintended pregnancies span across age, race and religion, with a specific negative impact among the teenage population. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC, 2016) In 2015, a total of 229,715 babies were born to women aged 15–19 years, for a birth rateRead MoreImplementing A Program For A Medium Sized Rural Community Hospital Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pagesdepartment visits are behavioral health related or attempted suicides. The facility and county are struggling to provide the resources needed for this population. The facility has not been able to recruit behavioral health professionals to the facility, despite having one of the country’s largest mental health hospitals for the criminally insane nearby. The bottleneck of behavioral health patients is having a significant impact on the facilities ability to provide care to all its patients. FrameworkRead MoreProviding Superior Levels Of Care1375 Words   |  6 Pagesto maintain superior levels of care. Compassionate, dedicated, and results-driven/results-focused Registered Nurse with 1+ years of experience in the Emergency Department who provides comprehensive emergency medical care and support to patients. Displays dedication and determination in all endeavors with diligent attention to detail for optimal end results. Excels at managing health care needs within crisis/life-threatening situations that need immediate assessment and intervention. ContinuouslyRead MoreEvaluation Of A Nursing Internship Experience Based On An Educational Program For Wound Assessment And Documentation1451 Words   |  6 Pagesregulatory requirements over hospital-acquired conditions, health care executives, leaders, and providers are increasingly challenged to keep patient safe and deliver quality patient care. In 2008, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) stopped reimbursing hospitals for cost associated with treating hospital-acquired stage III and IV pressure ulcers. According to CM S, Pressure ulcers and skin breakdown are serious patient care issue because most are considered reasonably preventable

Is Prospero the wronged duke of milan Essay Example For Students

Is Prospero the wronged duke of milan Essay In my view Prospero is both the wronged duke of Milan and a cruel colonial master; there are arguments for both sides and against. Prospero both has claims to dukedom and he treats Caliban cruelly. He has reasons for both, but his views change throughout the play as he realises the true implications of his actions. Prospero is blinded by his obsession with magic and power. My library was dukedom enough this suggests that Prospero neglected his rule whilst becoming engrossed in his studies. Prospero entrusted his brother, Antonio, with his power; only to avoid the council and the people. Prospero was blinded by his studies to the fact that Antonio was organising a military coup with the King of Naples. King of Naples, being an enemy Prospero says to Miranda as he tells her his story. In return for the kings assistance with his acquisition of Milan, Antonio promises that Milan will pay annual tribute and do him homage. This implies that the King was only doing Antonio a favour because he would have Milan in his pocket. The way Prospero describes Antonio; it would suggest Antonio is some kind of devil. Miranda says good wombs have borne bad sons I think that Prospero has blinded her to the real truth by his bias. This would indicate that Prospero misled Miranda into thinking that Antonio is immoral. However looking from the perspective of Antonio; he would think he was doing a duty to the people. Getting rid of Prospero would have been not a sin but a responsibility to Milan, despite the divine right of kings. Prosperos relationship with Antonio was fine when Prospero gave Antonio what he wanted, but when he grew more power crazed he wanted more; thine enemy the king of Naples Prospero explains to Miranda. On the other hand, Prospero used Caliban to gain control of the isle I showed thee the best springs Caliban says, this points out that some time before the play was set Prospero was kind to Caliban or such. In this point of the play Prospero has enslaved Caliban, cursd be I did so he says. This implies that Caliban regrets doing favour to Prospero, he realises he has been manipulated and used. Prospero enslaved Caliban because thou didst seek to violate the honour of my child suggesting Caliban attempted to rape Miranda. This could be interpreted as colonialisation of the island; Britain did a similar thing to the aborigines in Australia. At first the Brits were kind to them and showed them technology, however when the Britons had everything they needed from the natives they cruelly enslaved them. This is very alike Prospero and Caliban, at first thou strokst me Caliban protests, however Prospero only used Caliban to gain footing in the island. In conclusion, my perception of Prospero is that he is a misinterpreted character and that power shows the worst in him.

Us Government Essay Example For Students

Us Government Essay U.S. Government (History) The United States GovernmentA collection of short reports all dealing with the United States Government. William Jefferson ClintonWilliam Jefferson Clinton was born on August 19, 1946, in Hope, Arkansas. His father, William J. Blythe III was killed in an automobile collision just two months before Williams birth. At age four, William Jefferson Blythe IV was legally adopted by his mothers second husband, Roger Clinton, making him William Jefferson Clinton. At age 22 William received a Bachelors degree from Georgetown University. Just five years later, he received his law degree from Yale. We will write a custom essay on Us Government specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Soon after graduating from Yale, he became a law professor at the University of Arkansas. He did not stay in one place for long though, and in 1978 he became the Attorney General of Arkansas. From this political position, he moved higher up in the ranks and in 1978 won the election for the gubernatorial seat of Arkansas. In the 1980 elections, however, William (Bill) was defeated by Republican Frank White. As the youngest governor of Arkansas in 40 years, Bill then became the youngest ex-governor in United States history. During the interim, Clinton was hired by the law firm Wright, Lindsey and Jennings. In the 1982 elections, Mr. Clinton went after the position of governor with renewed vigor and defeated incumbent Republican Frank White. During the campaigning for the election a Time magazine article stated: If Clinton does win, it could seem like less a comeback than a canny mid-course correction in the path of a young, bright political star.Clinton went on to win the next two gube rnatorial elections in the state of Arkansas. In 1988 he had the possibility of a Democratic Party presidential nomination, but he refused to run. Finally, in 1991, Clinton announced that he was going to run for President of the United States. In the 1992 election, Bill Clinton ran against Republican incumbent George Herbert Walker Bush and independent Ross H. Perot. During the campaign, Bill met with some difficulty when the media discovered that he had dodged the Vietnam draft, been unfaithful to his spouse, and smoked marijuana while attending Oxford. Bill placated the liberal-biased media by saying that he didnt believe in the war, and he didnt inhale. Opposition mounted when reporters discovered that Clinton and his wife, Hillary Rodham, whom he married in 1975, had made some questionable dealings over a piece of real estate referred to commonly as Whitewater. Despite the seemingly insurmountable odds, Clinton won the election, with 46% of voting Americans supporting him. Antonin Scalia, Supreme Court JusticeAntonin Scalia was born March 11, 1936 in an Italian majority section of Trenton, New Jersey. His father, Eugene Scalia was a literary scholar and a professor of Romance Languages at Brooklyn College. His mother was an elementary school teacher. Scalia attended Xavier High School, a Catholic Military academy. He graduated, first in his class, in 1953. One of his good friends once said: He was brilliant, way above everybody else. He later majored in History at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., where he again graduated first in his class. Soon after leaving Georgetown, he enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was known around the campus as an effective debater. From Harvard he earned an LL. B. Degree and in 1960 joined the Cleveland based law firm Jones, Day, Cockly and Reavis. He was one of the most straightforward conservatives on the staff and there too earned a reputation as a debater. Later, President Richard Nixon appointed Scalia to the position of Part-time General Counsel in Executive Office of Telecom Policy. He was confirmed by Congress under the Gerald Ford administration for the position of Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Justice Departments office of legal counsel. At that time his job was mostly to give advice to the President and the Attorney General. In 1977 he became a Professor at the University of Chicago Law School. Antonin Scalia is now an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court. He took his oath in 1986 and is the first Italian-American Supreme Court Justice. He was part of President Ronald Reagans effort to make the judiciary system more conservative. Mr. Scalia is very outspoken against racially based affirmative action programs and the Constitutional Right to abortion. His views are closely related to those of the Reagan administration. Scalia is a very intelligent individual, has an elegant writing style, and has personal charm that makes him an influential member on the Supreme Court. Legislative DepartmentThe Legislative Department consists mostly of the House and the Senate, the two parts of Congress. The Senate has 100 members or two per state. The House of Representatives has one representative per 30,000 people in the state, currently 435, not including the one from Washington, D.C., who is not allowed to vote. This is called the great compromise because when the laws were first being written the larger states wanted to have a system like the House of Representatives, and the smaller states wanted an equal voice and liked the Senate system better. Finally, in a compromise they decided to have both. Facts on the House of Representatives:House of Representative members are elected to a 2 year term. The minimum age to become a member is 25 years. In order to become a member, you must have been a citizen of the United States for 7 years. Members must be a resident of the state they are elected by. The House of Representatives has the power of impeachment. This means that the Housecan vote to put the president of the United States on trial before the Senate. The only presidentto have ever been impeached was Andrew Johnson in 1867. When the Senate finally voted,however, he missed being removed from office by one vote. Facts on the Senate:Senators are elected to six year terms. The minimum age for a senator is 30 years. You must have been a citizen of the United States for 9 years. The Senate tries cases of impeachment. Powers Granted to Congress The congress shall have the power:1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States;3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations and among several states;4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures;6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States;7. To establish post offices and post roads;8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive rights to their respective writings and discoveries;9. To constitut e tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas and offenses against the law of nations;11. To declare war and make rules concerning captures on land and water. 12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money for that use shall be for a longer term than two years;13. To provide and maintain a navy;14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress the insurrections, and repel invasions;16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states, respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. Ronald Wilson ReaganRonald W. Reagan was born February 6, 1911, in Tampico, Illinois. He attended Eureka College and graduated in 1932 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics. He was also popular on his high school football team and played in college. .u9e8219abdaea0b7cae5621cf951ccad7 , .u9e8219abdaea0b7cae5621cf951ccad7 .postImageUrl , .u9e8219abdaea0b7cae5621cf951ccad7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9e8219abdaea0b7cae5621cf951ccad7 , .u9e8219abdaea0b7cae5621cf951ccad7:hover , .u9e8219abdaea0b7cae5621cf951ccad7:visited , .u9e8219abdaea0b7cae5621cf951ccad7:active { border:0!important; } .u9e8219abdaea0b7cae5621cf951ccad7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9e8219abdaea0b7cae5621cf951ccad7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9e8219abdaea0b7cae5621cf951ccad7:active , .u9e8219abdaea0b7cae5621cf951ccad7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9e8219abdaea0b7cae5621cf951ccad7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9e8219abdaea0b7cae5621cf951ccad7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9e8219abdaea0b7cae5621cf951ccad7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9e8219abdaea0b7cae5621cf951ccad7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9e8219abdaea0b7cae5621cf951ccad7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9e8219abdaea0b7cae5621cf951ccad7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9e8219abdaea0b7cae5621cf951ccad7 .u9e8219abdaea0b7cae5621cf951ccad7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9e8219abdaea0b7cae5621cf951ccad7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Solar Energy EssaySoon after graduating from college, Reagan began working as a radio sports announcer. His big break, however, was in 1937 when he became a contract actor for Warner Brothers starring in such movies as Knute Rockne-All American, Kings Row, and probably his most famous, Bedtime for Bonzo. During WWII Reagan patriotically served his country (unlike some other presidents) as a captain in the army. It was soon after this that he became active in Democratic politics, supporting Harry S. Truman for president in 1948 and Douglas over Nixon in the California senatorial race in 1950. In 1952, Ronald Reagan married actress Nancy Davis, a contract actress for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. They had two children. Between the years of 1954 and 1962 Reagan was the host of a television program called General Electric Theater. In the early 1950s, Reagan wised up and became more conservative, this time supporting Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and Richard Nixon in 1960. In 1962, Mr. Reagan switched his voter registration to Republican, and was elected governor of California in 1966 and 1970. He was not able to do everything that he had hoped as governor, because for six of the eight years there was a democratic majority in the state legislature. However, he did find time to cut welfare and start the Medi-Cal program to pay medical bills for the poor. Reagan increased income taxes to avoid a projected deficit but later gave rebates when the state government had a surplus. Reagan also lowered the high property taxes of California. In 1976, Ronald Reagan challenged Gerald R. Ford for the Republican nomination but lost by a small margin. He was not a quitter, however, and in 1980 he chased after the nomination again and easily beat George Bush whom he later chose for his vice president. During the Reagan Administration, Reagan brought conservatives to power both in the Republican Party and in the nation. Reagans economic program, sometimes called Reaganomics, was a tax and spending cuts budget which stimulated economic growth between 1982 and 1987. The Constitution of the United States of AmericaThe constitution of the United States is the framework of the government. On it all laws are based, and if there is a conflict, the law will be determined unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. An amendment to the constitution is when a change is made to the constitution. In this section of my Government Booklet, some of the most important amendments will be discussed. Amendment 1: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. The first amendment is probably the most famous amendment, because it gives citizens of the United States their basic rights and privileges. However, these rights do have limits, and once you go past the limit, you are breaking the law. Amendment 2: A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Ask any member of the NRA what the second amendment is, and 9 times out of ten, he will be able to quote it for you. With the laws going more and more to the left, it is my guess that this right will be infringed within the next ten years. Amendment 4: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. This amendment is basically saying that the government, police, etc., cannot come into your house without a warrant and just cause for wanting to search the area. Amendment 8 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. This amendment is one of the ones for people accused of a crime. In essence, they are not to have bail unreasonably high, fines unreasonably high, or tortured. Many people say that the death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment, but they are wrong. Amendment 13 Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. This amendment totally abolishes any slavery within the legal jurisdiction of the United States. Amendment 19 The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. This amendment, made in 1920, gives women the right to vote. Previously, women had almost no rights, and voting was a privilege that they were not allowed to have. Amendment 21 The Eighteenth Article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed. The transportation or importation into any state, territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited. This amendment repealed, or took back the eighteenth amendment which made alcohol illegal. Amendment 22 No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of President more than once. This amendment makes it so that a president can only serve for two terms in his lifetime. This keeps the United States from ever having a dictatorship. Amendment 26 The right of citizens of the United States, who are 18 years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of age. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. This amendment, made in 1971, lowers the voting age from 21 to 18. The Presidents of the United StatesPresident Election Years in Political Party Home StateYear OfficeGeorge Washington 1788 1789-1793 None VirginiaGeorge Washington 1792 1793-1797 None VirginiaJohn Adams 1796 1797-1801 Federalist MassachusettsThomas Jefferson 1800 1801-1805 Republican VirginiaThomas Jefferson 1804 1805-1809 Republican VirginiaJames Madison 1808 1809-1813 Republican VirginiaJames Madison 1812 1813-1817 Republican VirginiaJames Monroe 1816 1817-1821 Republican VirginiaJames Monroe 1820 1821-1825 Republican VirginiaJohn Quincy Adams 1824 1825-1829 Republican MassachusettsAndrew Jackson 1828 1829-1833 Democrat TennesseeAndrew Jackson 1832 1833-1837 Democrat TennesseeMartin Van Buren 1836 1837-1841 Democrat New YorkWilliam H. Harrison 1840 1841 Whig OhioJohn Tyler 1841-1845 Whig VirginiaJames K. Polk 1844 1845-1849 Democrat TennesseeZachary Taylor 1848 1849-1850 Whig LouisianaMillard Fillmore 1850-1853 Whig New YorkFranklin Pierce 1852 1853-1857 Democrat New HampshireJames Buchanan 1856 1857-1861 Democrat PennsylvaniaAbraham Lincoln 1860 1861-1865 Republican IllinoisAbraham Lincoln 1864 1865 Republican IllinoisAndrew Johnson 1865-1869 Republican TennesseeUlysses S. Grant 1868 1869-1873 Republican IllinoisUlysses S. Grant 1872 1873-1877 Republican Illinois Rutherford B. Hayes 1876 1877-1881 Republican OhioJames A. Garfield 1880 1881 Republican OhioChester A. Arthur 1881-1885 Republican New YorkGrover Cleveland 1884 1885-1889 Democrat New YorkBenjamin Harrison 1888 1889-1893 Republican IndianaGrover Cleveland 1892 1893-1897 Democrat New YorkWilliam McKinley 1896 1897-1901 Republican OhioWilliam McKinley 1900 1901 Republican OhioTheodore Roosevelt 1901-1905 Republican New YorkTheodore Roosevelt 1904 1905-1909 Republican New YorkWilliam H. Taft 1908 1909-1913 Republican OhioWoodrow Wilson 1912 1913-1917 Democrat New JerseyWoodrow Wilson 1916 1917-1921 Democrat New JerseyWarren G. Harding 1920 1921-1923 Republican OhioCalvin Coolidge 1923-1924 Republican MassachusettsCalvin Coolidge 1924 1925-1929 Republican MassachusettsHerbert Hoover 1928 1929-1933 Republican CaliforniaFranklin D. Roosevelt 1932 1933-1937 Democrat New YorkFranklin D. Roosevelt 1936 1937-1941 Democrat New YorkFranklin D. Roosevelt 1940 1941-1945 Democrat New YorkFranklin D. Roosevelt 1944 1945 Democrat New YorkHarry S. Truman 1945-1949 Democrat MissouriHarry S. Truman 1948 1949-1953 Democrat MissouriDwight D. Eisenhower 1952 1953-1957 Republican PennsylvaniaDwight D. Eisenhower 1956 1957-1961 Republican PennsylvaniaJohn F. Kennedy 1960 1961-1963 Democrat MassachusettsLyndon B. Johnson 1963-1965 Democrat TexasLyndon B. Johnson 1964 1965-1969 Democrat TexasRichard M. Nixon 1968 1969-1973 Republican CaliforniaRichard M. Nixon 1972 1973-1974 Republican CaliforniaGerald R. Ford 1974-1977 Republican MichiganJimmy Carter 1976 1977-1981 Democrat GeorgiaRonald Reagan 1980 1981-1985 Republican CaliforniaRonald Reagan 1984 1985-1989 Republican CaliforniaGeorge Bush 1988 1989 -1993 Republican TexasBill Clinton 1992 1993- Democrat ArkansasThe Executive BranchThe executive branch of the government is led by the president, currently Bill Clinton. His main duties are to:A) Enforce laws. It is the in the oath of office of the president to uphold the laws and constitution of the United States.B) Act as Commander in chief of the armed forces. The president has this title because he is the head honcho in the military. The buck stops there. The president can ask congress for the right to go to war as did Franklin Delano Roosevelt after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Congress voted yes and the United States entered WWII. .u2057391f3d710ebf2e8c9aedb70bffaf , .u2057391f3d710ebf2e8c9aedb70bffaf .postImageUrl , .u2057391f3d710ebf2e8c9aedb70bffaf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2057391f3d710ebf2e8c9aedb70bffaf , .u2057391f3d710ebf2e8c9aedb70bffaf:hover , .u2057391f3d710ebf2e8c9aedb70bffaf:visited , .u2057391f3d710ebf2e8c9aedb70bffaf:active { border:0!important; } .u2057391f3d710ebf2e8c9aedb70bffaf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2057391f3d710ebf2e8c9aedb70bffaf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2057391f3d710ebf2e8c9aedb70bffaf:active , .u2057391f3d710ebf2e8c9aedb70bffaf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2057391f3d710ebf2e8c9aedb70bffaf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2057391f3d710ebf2e8c9aedb70bffaf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2057391f3d710ebf2e8c9aedb70bffaf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2057391f3d710ebf2e8c9aedb70bffaf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2057391f3d710ebf2e8c9aedb70bffaf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2057391f3d710ebf2e8c9aedb70bffaf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2057391f3d710ebf2e8c9aedb70bffaf .u2057391f3d710ebf2e8c9aedb70bffaf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2057391f3d710ebf2e8c9aedb70bffaf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bless Me Ultima EssayC) Appoint key officials in the government. Among the many that the president appoints are Supreme Court Justices, the surgeon general, and the attorney general. D) Recommend laws to congress. The president can introduce a bill to congress. The Senate and the House will vote on the bill. If both approve it, it goes back to the president for him to sign. Once he has signed it, it is a law. Either part of Congress may introduce a bill as well. If it passes through both the House and the Senate, it goes to the president for him to sign. If he disagrees with the bill, he may choose to veto it. Veto is a combination of the words vote no. When the president vetoes a bill, it goes back to Congress for them to review it. In order to check the presidents power and pass the bill into law, there must be a two-thirds majority when the ballots are cast. The president also has the power to grant a reprieve or pardon to any convicted criminal or even someone who has not been charged yet. This is illustrated by Gerald Fords pardon of Richard Nixon before he was to be charged for any involvement of his in the Watergate scandal. The pardon was granted to keep the United States from being embarrassed at having one of their presidents on trial. On the upside, Nixon was respected globally for his efforts to open and establish relations with China. The president of the United states has a four year term. He may serve up to two terms in his lifetime. The salary for the president is $200,000 per year. The president must also be a natural born citizen and must have lived in the United States for 14 years before running. Jack MetcalfJack Metcalf, a Washington State senator, attended the University of Washington between 1944 and 1948. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Pacific Lutheran University in 1951 and then later in 1965-66 went back to the University of Washington. He also patriotically served his country in the armed forces between 1946 and 1947. Metcalf, a teacher and bed breakfast owner, has a wife, Norma, and four children. Metcalf has a colorful background as a good Republican public servant. His political career began in 1958 when he received the Republican nomination for one of the Washington House of Representatives positions. Between the years of 1961 and 1965, Jack Metcalf served his state in the Washington House of Representatives. In 1964, however, he was defeated for re-election. Never a quitter, though, Metcalf ran for a Washington State senator position, and won. He served as a senator between 1967 and 1975. In 1968 and 74, Metcalf, now a seasoned politician, received the Republican nomination for the Senate. He served in the Washington Senate from 1981 to 1993. He was the Republican nominee for the United States House of Representatives in 1992. At the age of 67, he took his House of Representatives oath, and was the oldest member of the Class of 94. In his 1992 campaign for the Congressional seat against Democratic challenger Al Swift, he promised to limit his terms to six years in Congress. He has described himself as a guy willing to take some kamikaze runs. Metcalf has stated a call for the restoration of the gold standard, and criticizes the Federal Reserve System. In 1994, it did not look like Metcalf was indeed going to again win the Republican nomination. He had to survive direct attacks from Republican rival Senator Tom Erwin in the primaries. He won the nomination, however, but it looked bleak for Metcalf against State Senator Harriet Spanel. However, most of her financial backing came from unions, environmentalists, and womens groups. 1994 was the wrong year to be a liberal. Although Spanel had the better funding, she was hurt by her support of the assault weapons ban and the Brady Bill. Metcalf opposed both. Another thing that helped Metcalf was his total opposition to abortion, which made him popular among conservatives. Spanel won support from San Juan County, but Metcalf won the rest of the counties in the district. ReviewThere are three branches of the United States Government. The legislative, judicial, and the executive. Ideally, no one is more powerful than the other two. They are all equal. They all have certain powers as well as certain checks on powers. Congress is the main body of the legislative branch, and is composed of two parts: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The judicial branch consists of all of the courts in the United States, but is headed by the Supreme Court. The president is the leader of the Executive branch. In order to become a president, one must be at least 35 years of age and a natural born citizen living in the United States for 14 years. The term of office for a president is 4 years. The term of office for the Unites States House of Representative members is 2 years, while Senators enjoy 6 years in a term. In order to be in the House, you must be at least 25 years of age, for Senators the minimum age is 30. There are 100 members of the Senate, two for every state. The House of Representatives, however, has 435 members, plus one from Washington D.C., but he/she is not allowed to vote. In order for a bill to become law, it must pass the Senate, House of Representatives, and the President must sign it. If the president vetoes a bill, it is kicked back into Congress, where it may undergo revision, or simply be voted upon again. If Congress votes and both halves get a 2/3 majority, the bill is passed into law without the president being able to do anything about it. Some of the presidents jobs are to be the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, to enforces laws, and to grant pardons to criminals. Congress sets and collects taxes, has the power to borrow money, declares war, provides for an army and a navy, creates lesser courts, and coins money. BibliographyBlough, Glen O. The Young Peoples Book of Science. United States of America, McGraw-Hill, 1968, pp. 1-436. Claiborne, Robert. Word Mysteries ; Histories. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1986. pp. 2-308. Congress. The New American Desk Encyclopedia. Volume 1, page 302. United States of America, Penguin Books Incorporated, 1989. Markoff, John. Cyberpunk. New York, Simon ; Schuster, 1991, pp. 1-366Websters New World Dictionary Second College Edition, United States of America, The World Publishing Company, 1970. pp. 156, 224, 332, 627, 633. Wood, Leonard C. America, its People and its Values. United States of America, Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1979

Alcohol Enzymes Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essays

Alcohol Enzymes Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essays Alcohol Enzymes Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essay Alcohol Enzymes Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essay Alcohol Enzymes Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Alcohol enzymes occur in various organisms which eases the inter conversion between aldehydes and alcohol with the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. They are significantly-selective catalysts that solve the purpose of inter conversion of complex molecules to smaller ones in different metabolic reactions. Different enzymes such as carbohydrases, proteases and lipases are used which are majorly consumed to manufacture biocatalysts, pharmaceuticals, bio-fuels, cleaning agents, and food beverages.Visit Complete Report Here: www.marketresearchreports.biz/analysis-details/alcohol-enzymes-market-global-industry-analysis-size-share-growth-trends-and-forecast-2013-2019 Alcohol enzymes form an important part of the global manufacturing industry and play a vital role in ensuring yield optimization as well as enhancing chemical processes. Moreover, due to growing population coupl ed with the rising disposable income has created a significant demand for consumer products such as cleaning agents, bio-fuels, and food beverages. The industry has also been witnessing positive growth due to specialty and industrial utilization of alcohol enzymes. Factors such as growing demand for cosmetics and rising awareness regarding healthcare have augmented the demand for pharmaceuticals in cosmetics and drugs. Other factors such as technological advancement in waste and energy saving logistics have also contributed to the growth of the alcohol enzymes market. However, regulations on the production of alcoholic beverages, brewing industry, and utilization of synthetic food ingredients are expected to slow down the growth of this market. North America is one of the largest consumers for alcohol enzymes, followed by Europe where the demand for these enzymes has increased in recent years owing to introduction of new drugs implemented in enzyme replacement

Archaism - Definition and Examples

Archaism s An archaism is a word or phrase (or a particular meaning of a word or phrase) that is no longer in common use and is considered extremely old-fashioned. Etymology:  From the Greek, ancient, beginning Pronunciation:  ARE-kay-i-zem Also Known  As:  lexical zombie A  grammatical archaism  is a sentence structure or word order thats no longer in common use in most dialects.   Linguist Tom McArthur notes that literary archaism occurs when a style is modeled on older works, so as to revive earlier practices or achieve the desired effect. (Source: Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language, 2005) Examples The old man raised the axe and split the head of John Joel Glanton to the thrapple.(Source: Cormac McCarthy, Blood Meridian, 1985)[Nick Faldo] speaks in a jaunty, clipped, wised-up vernacular, mixing street-smart patter with solid analysis. His vocabulary is rich in curious archaisms- jeepers, crumbs, gee- and eccentric asides.(Source: Jason Cowley, Nicks Second Coming. The Guardian, Oct. 1, 2006) 19th-Century Archaisms We do not have to go back as far as Elizabethan English or the Middle Ages to encounter archaisms. Here are some from the Victorian and Edwardian eras: beastly (as in so beastly critical) blest, deuced (if I know) capital! (as an exclamation of delight) very civil (of you) confound you! damnable cheek guvnor luncheon pray (come in) (you) rotter spiffing And might we not say that daddy-o is an archaism, even though it was alive and well in the 1960s? (Source: David Crystal, Words, Words, Words. Oxford University Press, 2006) 20th-Century Archaisms Among the technological archaisms Ive had to explain to the Tuned In children- what a record is, why they call it dialing a phone, the fact that, once, you couldnt rewind TV shows- is the fact that, a long time ago, musicians used to make little movies of their songs, and people would watch them on TV. (James Poniewozik, Wake Up and Smell the Cat Food in Your Bank Account. Time magazine, May 2, 2007) Stuff It is rather odd to see that the OED [Oxford English Dictionary] defines the word care as some kind of stuff. This seems at first glance to be a rather nonspecific definition to find in what is arguably the greatest dictionary ever created. But it is actually very specific- just a bit archaic. The word stuff has had a variety of meanings through the ages, and at the time that this definition was written, in 1888, it referred to (among other things) a woollen fabric or material for the gown worn by a junior counsel.(Source: Ammon Shea, Dated Definitions. The New York Times, Aug. 12, 2009) Archaisms and Register It should be added . . . that there is a problem with the identification of archaism, since archaisms are  sometimes not archaic in the register in which they are used. For example, thee and thou are not archaic forms in a certain type of poetic register; they are archaic only in relation to our contemporary day-to-day speech. Thus the use of an archaism can be interpreted as either conforming to a register or looking back to the past (or both). . . . Only by using a dictionary such as the OED, which is a historical dictionary, giving the meanings of words over time, will you be able to find out whether certain words were current or archaic at the time of writing.​  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹(Source: Martin Montgomery et al.,  Ways of Reading: Advanced Reading Skills for Students of English Literature, 3rd ed. Routledge, 2007) The Lighter Side of Archaisms Frank Rossitano: Yo Tray, we got a problem. Tracy Jordan as President Thomas Jefferson: Pray, who be this Tracy Jordan thou speakest of? Frank: Eh, President Jefferson, we got a problem. Tracy: Speaketh. Frank Rossitano: That horse ate your wig. Tracy: Well, stand guard by his rump and await it in his droppings.(Source: Judah Friedlander and Tracy Morgan in Corporate Crush. 30 Rock, 2007)

Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Exam - Essay Example The street life forces them to turn to stealing, but while they were working, they met Delal who introduced them to selling goods, stolen by teens. They also came across a part time prostitute, who assigned them a job whereby they had to distribute flyers with her phone number (Bezar, 2010). One day, as the Gulistan was accompanying her employer to a hotel call, she comes across Nuri Kaya, who was one of her parents’ assassins; consequently, she decides to take revenge. The children are shocked after they see the man; they feel helpless but at the same time feel the need to take revenge. She steals a gun form the apartment, which belonged to Nuri, the client they were going to meet (Before Your Eyes, 2012). She is confused because she has the urge to kill the man, but she is afraid of the outcome of her actions. She stalks the killer as she tries to come up with an effective method of revenge. She resolves to inform the public about the person who took away the lives of their parents. The children’s survival channels helped them meet the person who killed their parents. It would not be possible for them to meet him if they had not worked for Dilara; on the other hand, their need to survive led them into immoral practices such as stealing and being accompli ces to a prostitute. Film genres are categories of films that have the same techniques. They may also include the same characters or settings. The genre categories are wide enough to fit in any film. Placing films into genres helps to analyze them and judge whether it has met the qualifications of its genre. Genres are clearly brought out by the subjects or themes used to produce the film. Musicals, plot patterns and emotions such as amusement and tension are also used to define certain genres. There has to be a tactic accord between the filmmakers and their audiences. Film genres motivate the use of high technology to bring out the desired effects (Ji and

Research portfolio Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Portfolio - Research Paper Example Moreover, in recent decades, research evidence has demonstrated a significant association between declining levels of physical activity in children, overall increases in children's body weights, and the incidence of obesity (Goran et al., 1999). The most widely accepted hypothesis for this association is that over time cultural changes and technological advances have resulted in less physical activity and promoted a gradually more sedentary lifestyle (Goran et al. 1999; Luepker, 1999). This mirrors what is occurring in the adult population and highlights the influence that parental physical activity behaviours have on the behaviours of children (Goran et al., 1999). Clearly, physical activity plays a critical role in the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity, leading some experts to suggest that if physical activity levels were increased that the epidemic of childhood obesity would diminish or even disappear (Luepker, 1999). Research has suggests the need for family-based int erventions since families share genetic disposition as well as environments (Hill & Trowbridge, 1998). Accomplishing the task of combating childhood obesity will require that every family become committed to improving their children's physical activity habits. ... Moreover, children learn lifestyle behaviours from an early age and may be more flexible in their ability to change behaviours than adults. Many parents, however, lack knowledge about healthy lifestyle practices and/or fail to encourage or model these healthy behaviours for their children. Parents of overweight children also may tend to underestimate their child's weight and may not be as concerned about their child's physical inactivity. It is important to understand whether this lack of knowledge and/or modelling of healthy behaviours on the part of the parents are related to unhealthy practices among their children. According to Nicklas and Johnson (2004), health promotion interventions should be implemented at an age when a child is still impartial to change, which is typically prior to entrance into sixth grade. The role of the home environment is critical to prevent childhood obesity. Parents must provide a physically active environment for their children, and limit the amount of time spent in sedentary behaviours. Parental controls of television viewing can have many benefits. Research Questions The specific research question of this study is: What are the parental controls and restrictions regarding television viewing among students? Sub-questions for the study were: (a) Does the parental controls and restrictions that are being used by parents correlate with children's BMI; (b) Do parental controls differ according to the child's age? Literature Review Family Environment and Childhood Obesity The best way to significantly affect the prevalence of childhood obesity is to prevent it. Therefore, the issue of childhood obesity becomes a family affair. Families provide the primary

Why Is Criminalization Significant to Victims Research Paper

Why Is Criminalization Significant to Victims - Research Paper Example The supremacy of judges to formulate fresh law and criminalize behavior with hindsight is discouraged, as well. In a less explicit manner, where laws have not been firmly implemented, the acts barred by those laws might also endure de facto criminalization by a more efficient or committed legal implementation. There has been some doubt as to the extent and nature of the role to be played by the victims of crime. However, as critics argue, the relationship between criminology and victimology has become more challenging. The main issue is that, in the dialectic of Left Realism and Right Realism, a spotlight on the victim encourages rights selectively for specific victims, and promotes the theory that some victim rights and freedom are more significant compared to competing values or rights in society. Keeping in line with this topic, this paper will evaluate criminalisation with regards to the new criminology, Howard Becker's claim that 'there is no such thing as a deviant act, it is m erely behavior that people so label', the main arguments relating to crime and race and finally present the key arguments within critical criminology.According to critics, modern (new) criminology is under threat of being confined by its own liberation (Radical Criminology n.d, p. 1). These critics’ despairing prediction was occasioned by what they considered to be insufficient developments in the way where criminologists were choosing and approaching their job. The liberation they talked about is that which had restricted criminology to behavioral thoughts; the confinement is that which at the moment limits a new account of criminology only to political thoughts (Jewkes & Letherby 2002, p. 45). By picking out power devoid of analyzing its class basis, as well as the state nature, labeling theorists, together with the sociologists of deviance, changed the behaviors of the influential into a random flexing of ethical muscle (Jewkes & Letherby 2002, p. 45). In general, the labe ling process was to be identified as class-based, but the failure to do this granted the state free power to control people from countercultures and lower classes through labeling them as deviants. Therefore, what was needed was a study of all the processes concerned in the development of deviant action comprising of the structural and political dimensions that earlier theories had not considered. The arguments incorporated in the new criminology were derived from a Marxist study of social associations being rooted in class. Marx proposed that society was structurally split between the middle-class people who own the factories, land, and machines, as well as the wage owning classes, referred to as the proletariat. The middle class is able to use the lower classes thus securing power and material wealth for themselves. Marx's study of exploitation and power was applied by the new criminologists to reveal the truth about the institutional organizations of a capitalist society. Through applying Marxist scrutiny of class, new criminologists provide a majestic theory, a theory, which is globally used as a study of crime, law and the state. Certainly, they try to provide a fully social theory of deviance that concerns analyzing deviant actions, as well as its reaction together, putting them in a political economy of crime.

Online Shopping Internet

Online Shopping Internet Have you ever tried buying your apparel or appliances thru internet? Online shopping is the process of purchasing and selling products or services over the internet. (Akary, 2005). It has gain popularity because of its convenience. There are some factors that are important in online shopping such as the security and the privacy of the consumers. Online shopping has replaced the traditional process of consumers buying goods from a retailer or mall that they must physically go into. (Akary, 2005). Online shopping is one aspect of electronic commerce. Online shopping is important because it offers buyers convenience that has never before been achievable. (Sneddon, 2004). The technology that is now available allows customers to shop on the internet 24 hours a day and seven days a week, without having to leave their homes or offices. Shoppers are provided with an abundance of merchant sites where almost any goods on earth can be bought. Consumers can also compare prices from a variety of different retailers with greater ease, compared to them physically going to shop in a built shopping centre to check prices. Online shopping popularity started in 1990, only few users are using the system. At the same time, the popularity of the Internet also grew at a phenomenal rate. Rifkin (2004, p. 34). History of online shopping and how it became famous will be discussed in the first part of this paper. The disadvantages and advantages of online shopping will be presented. The objective of this paper is to be able to present to the readers the pros and cons of on-line shopping. Another objective of the study is to evaluate the e-business that has been gaining the popularity. Most articles that I encounter about e-business presents one conclusion, that a company would not make it in the international market if they were not able to penetrate the online shopping. The paper will also discuss the complexity of the design. This will include the effectiveness and safety of the said design. The project aims to present a secured and protected online shopping. The main concern of the user of online shopping is their anonymity. Some website promised that they are being protected but actually they are not. This project will present the prototype design using the Multi-agent system (MAS). The MAS will make online shopping much more easily. Traditional shopping involves saleslady or agent that will assist you during your tour in the mall. The MAS will act as your guide in choosing the item you need. This will make online shopping much more convenient than traditional shopping. In the Literature review, the study done by Sinmao (1999) in the use of intelligent agent is discussed. The analyses done by Giles Malliford (2007) on the problems encountered by online shoppers are enumerated. He presented the reasons why shoppers abandoned their shopping carts. The shop.org (2007) shows the statistics of online users. The primary concern of the user is their security that is why utexas.edu presented the checklist to consider for making your online purchases as safe as possible: (www.utexas.edu). Also in the literature review the psychological effect of online shopping are discussed. (Smith, Swinyard, 2001). The benefits of online shopping are enumerated to help the user understand why such program is done. Disadvantages and advantages of using the internet in shopping will be discussed. At the end of this paper the reader will be able to decide whether they will choose to shop the traditional way or the online shopping History of Online Shopping Online shopping belongs to the so called e-commerce. It started in 1970 wherein invoices and orders are sent thru the internet. And then in 1980 the acceptance of credit cards and automated teller machine where accepted online. When dot com era arrived electronic commerce include activities termed as web commerce purchases of goods and services over the world wide web, in a secure connections with e-shopping carts and payment where done thru the use of credit card. Online shopping began in the early to mid 1990s. First online bank was opened in 1994 and Pizza Hut was the first to offer pizza online on their Web page. Further development of online shopping was done and later that year Netscape introduced SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) that make most transactions secure. In 1995 Jeff Bezos launched Amazon.com and in 1996, e-Bay was founded. By the end of 1997, an estimated 41 million people were shopping online. (Kary, 2005). 1999 saw the UKs first graphical Internet shopping mall called The Virtual Mall. In 2003, Amazon.com became the first ever full-year profit online shopping merchant. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Shop). From here the online shopping has become popular. Now dresses, foods, medicines and others can be purchased online. Safety of the customer is important even in the early years of online shopping. Netscape SSL purpose is to secure the identity of their customer to prevent cyber crime which is common in transactions involving ones identity in the internet. It has been the medium of transaction of businesses. The future is now pointing its direction to new technologies. Literature Review Several studies are involved in online shopping. The use of an intelligent agent is important in e-commerce specially in online shopping. (Sinmao, 1999). Intelligent agents are a major evolution toward solving this difficult problem.   Intelligent agents empower both buyers and sellers to accomplish e-commerce transactions by enabling efficient, precise, and comprehensive searches on the vast web community and information repository. . (Sinmao, 1999). Intelligent agents are software applications that have a predefined knowledge base and/or learning system about their users goals and wishes and, through adaptive reasoning, use this information to execute their users request. The continuum of intelligent agents may be characterized along three dimensions:   agency, intelligence, and mobility. In Appendix 1 the three dimensions of intelligent agents are presented to show how intelligent agents work on online shopping. Statistics (Table 1) shows the problems encountered during the first year of online shopping. Since online shopping during the first years is not yet fully developed problems are piling up. These problems were being resolved as the year goes by. Studies and reaches were done to enhance and improve the e-commerce. Table below shows problems encountered by Canada during the earlier years of online shopping. Table 1 Stat Source Date Around 21 percent of Canadians sited comparison-shopping as the main reason for online cart abandonment, while 17 percent reported that high shipping costs were a cause for aborting their purchases. NFO CFGroup 10/08/2002 40 percent of Internet users in Canada report that they abandoned at least one shopping cart on a Canadian retail website during a three month period in early 2002. The findings also found that for every purchase Canadians made online, another was not completed. NFO CFGroup 10/08/2002 Although Canadians spent CAD2 billion (USD1.2 billion) at retail websites during the first half of 2002, many online shoppers abandoned their carts due to poorly designed sites, shipping costs, and privacy concerns. NFO CFGroup 10/08/2002 2.2 million Canadian households spent close to CAD2 billion (USD1.27 billion) on online shopping in 2001. In 2000, 1.5 million households spent CAD1.5 billion shopping on the Internet. Canadian households placed a total of 13.4 million orders over the Internet in 2001, up from 9.1 million in 2000. Statistics Canada 09/18/2002 Source: http://www.shop.org/learn/stats_intshop_canada.asp In the study done by shop.org, 2007 online sales (including travel) rises 18 percent to $259.1 billion. Sales excluding travel will reach $174.5 billion. This strong growth will come off of an impressive performance in 2006. Online sales last year rose 25 percent to $219.9 billion. Excluding travel, online retail sales rose 29 percent to $146.5 billion, representing six percent of total retail sales in 2006. ( Grannis, Davis, 2007). According to Mulpuru, Sucharita, (2007) senior analyst of Forrester Research, online retail is moving full speed ahead, the consumers flood the web to purchase merchandise and research products. This strong growth is an indicator that online retail is years away from reaching a point of saturation. The profitability through the sector has stabilized, this is a good indication that e-commerce is gaining success. The study done by shop.org and Forrester shows the following profitability result: Eighty-three percent of respondents to the survey reported profitability and 78 percent said they were more profitable than 2005. Profit as a percentage of revenue did not change, the report notes, because revenue and expenses grew as well. In the article â€Å"The Top 10 Reasons Why Online Buyers Abandon Their Shopping Cart† by Miles Galliford (2007), he mentioned the reasons why shopping carts are being abandon by shoppers. Research undertaken by MarketingSherpa (www.marketingsherpa.com) and E-Tailing in 2006 discovered that average abandonment rates were 60% and 47% respectively. This means that the average commercial website is losing as much as half of  its potential revenue. (Galliford, 2007). Based on the article the reasons why they abandon their cart during online shopping: Hidden charges at the checkout Having to register before buying The buyer was comparison shopping and found a better deal The shipping costs were too high The buyer didnt have time to complete the checkout process The product was out of stock There were no clear delivery details No phone number was provided The checkout process was too long The buyer was uncomfortable with the checkout process From the above reasons it seems that online shopping is not yet perfected. That is why study and researches are being done to satisfy the customer. Among other studies done on online shopping includes one that provides several tips on how to make sure that the web site you are purchasing your items are secured. One of the main concerns of the shopper is their security. That is why most of the website offering online shopping states that security is their main concern. However there are some websites that does not really have a security program. As a result of this the data of the customer is easily accessible by others. This is where cyber crime takes place. In order to ensure that you are on a safe website below is the checklist to consider for making your online purchases as safe as possible: (www.utexas.edu). Only shop at online stores of reputable companies (companies you already know from retail stores, mail order catalogs or other sources). Know how to contact them offline if there is a problem with your purchase. If you are unsure of the company, do a little research with the Better Business Bureau. Secure your Web browser. Check the security settings of your Web browser to increase the security of your transactions. Check for security icons before giving your personal information. Before you type in your credit card number or name and address, check for security icons on the Web site. This includes looking for â€Å"https† in the Web address or URL. Https indicates the Web site is equipped with an additional security layer. If its not there, the site or page is not secure. Create unique passwords. Dont use the same password for all of your online accounts and applications. If you do this, you risk having all of your accounts compromised if only one account is breached. Remember to never use your university passwords for other online accounts. Dont enable the â€Å"Save Password† option if prompted to do so. If you are using a shared computer, pre-saved passwords will make it easy for others to access your accounts. Use only one dedicated credit card for online purchases. Monitor your monthly statements closely for any unusual activity. Dont use a debit card for online purchases. You are more protected using a credit card instead of a debit card. Credit card companies offer some degree of fraud protection and may be able to reverse charges to your account. Check the Web sites privacy policy. Only shop with online stores offering privacy policies that you agree with. They should provide information about how they will protect your personal information and whether it will be provided to other companies. Always log out of a Web site when you are through. Again, this will protect your accounts on a shared computer. Review your monthly credit card and bank statements. Check for any unauthorized purchases or errors. Notify your bank or credit card company immediately if you suspect someone is using your accounts without your permission. Because of these threats on online shopping, the enhancements of websites are being done to ensure that every single person and data is protected. In the study done by IBM and BYU (Professor William R. Swinyard and Professor Scott M. Smith) online shopping reveals attitude and lifestyle of the user. (2001). The attitudinal study of 4000 Web users reveals the shopping behaviour of eight online consumer types and which types would respond to marketing efforts designed to increase e-commerce sales. The study also suggests what form those efforts should take. Heres how each group looks and how Swinyard and Smith think they should be approached: With 11.1 percent of the market share, Shopping Lovers enjoy buying online and do so frequently. They are competent computer users and will likely continue their shopping habits. They also spread the word to others about joys of online shopping whenever they have the opportunity. They represent an ideal target for retailers. Adventurous Explorers (8.9 percent) are a small segment that presents a large opportunity. They require little special attention by Internet vendors because they believe online shopping is fun. They are likely the opinion leaders for all things online. Retailers should nurture and cultivate them to be online community builders and shopping advocates. Suspicious Learners (9.6 percent) comprise another small segment with growth potential. Their reluctance to purchase online more often hinges on their lack of computer training, but they are open to new ways of doing things. In contrast to more fearful segments, they dont have a problem giving a computer their credit card number. Further guidance and training would help coax them into online buying. Among the most computer literate, Business Users (12.4 percent) use the Internet primarily for business purposes. They take a serious interest in what it can do for their professional life. They dont view online shopping as novel and arent usually champions of the practice. Fearful Browsers (10.7 percent) are on the cusp of buying online. They are capable Internet and computer users, spending a good deal of time window shopping. They could become a significant buying group if their fears about credit card security, shipping charges and buying products sight unseen were overcome. Shopping Avoiders (15.6 percent) have an appealing income level, but their values make them a poor target for online retailers. They dont like to wait for products to be shipped to them, and they like seeing merchandise in person before buying. They have online shopping issues that retailers will not easily be able to overcome. Technology Muddlers (19.6 percent) face large computer literacy hurdles. They spend less time than any other segment online and show little excitement about increasing their online comfort level. They are not an attractive market for online retailers. Fun Seekers (12.1 percent) are the least wealthy and least educated market segment. They see entertainment value in the Internet, but buying things online frightens them. Although security and privacy issues might be overcome, the spending power of the segment suggests that only a marginal long-term payback would be possible In the study done by KCB336 New Media Technologies students, they have come up on reasons why many people are still hesitant in using online shopping. Their study resulted in 69% of internet shoppers felt that online retailers should do more to make them feel secure, yet only 15% reported to know others who had experienced credit card misuse advocated her trust for online shopping when she claimed. Because of the concern of the customer in the security measures, retailers employ a number of security measures, including cryptogrpahy and authentication to help the online transactions safe. Cryptography can provide authentication and integrity for electronic transmissions if properly implemented. Authentication is defined as goal of knowing that a particular user is authorized to take an action. Personal identification numbers (PIN) and passwords are the most widespread types of authentication. Based also on the study done by the New Media Technology (2004), another key issue aside from the security is the privacy. To further ease customer apprehension, many online retailers provide privacy statements which state their stance on sharing customer information with other businesses. Many companies stated that they did not share customer details. In addition to this, online retailers also employ cryptography to ensure that computer hackers cannot easily obtain any stored personal information that companies keep regarding their customers. Some companies only installed privacy and security measures after problems had occurred. Their lack of preventative methods was attributed towards the difficulty of implementing security measures, the high costs associated with these measures, and the continual need to update programs as new technologies and threats emerged. Internet-based transactions expect to make up 25 percent of all retail transactions in the next decade according to the study done by the New Media Technology (2004), therefore it is imperative for online retailers to continue to provide a secure, private and trustworthy shopping environment for their customers. Those who can best provide this climate for online shoppers will be the retailers who attract the most customers, and ultimately enjoy the most profits. According to Changchit, Douthit, and Hoffmeyer (2005), the success of online businesses relies heavily upon their ability to attract and retain customers. The better an online business understands the needs of these shoppers, the higher the chance that they can attract and retain customers. Their study includes factors that are important for the consumers. A study compared the experiences that customers have at a brick-and-mortar store versus online shopping. A main difference in the two experiences is that traditional storefronts are able to provide customers with the immediate sensory experience of touching and feeling proffered products whereas online storefronts are more limited in offering physical experiences with their products. Internet customers may have the visual experience of seeing what they are interested in purchasing. They are limited in their ability to touch or feel the merchandise until after delivery. The lack of the physical experiences touching and feeling avail able in traditional brick-and-mortar storefronts may be a reason why an online business has not risen to the level that some thought possible in the early 1990s. To overcome this obstacle, online businesses need to focus on satisfiers outside physical experiences with products. They need to convince customers that touching and feeling the merchandise are less important than what they can offer via an online shopping. This study intends to explore which factors are perceived as important to online customers when shopping on the Internet. (Changchit, Douthit, and Hoffmeyer 2005). Presented in table 3 below are the demographics of online user. The most common user of online shopping belongs to the Caucasian (4.9%) group with ages ranging form 22-25 years old (31.7%). Table 4 shows the factors that are important on online shoppers. TABLE 2: SUBJECTS DEMOGRAPHICS Age (in years) Under 18 18-21 22-25 26-30 31-35 Over 35 0 % 16 (15.8%) 32 (31.7%) 16 (15.8%) 13 (12.9%) 21 (20.8%) Nationality Ethnicity African Asian American Caucasian Hispanic Other 8 (8.2%) 7 (7.1%) 46 (46.9%) 32 (32.7%) 5 (5.1%) Annual Income (US$) >10K-30K >30K-50K >50K-70K >70K-90K >90K 22 (22.5%) 17 (17.4%) 26 (26.5%) 12 (12.2%) 6 (6.1%) 15 (15.3%) Highest Education High School 1-3 year college Associate Bachelor Master Doctorate 7 (7.1%) 18 (18.4%) 10 (10.2%) 38 (38.8%) 20 (20.4%) 5 (5.1%) Own a Computer Desktop Laptop 82 (83.7%) 59(60.2%) Employment Status Unemployed Full Time Part Time 12(12.2%) 58(59.2%) 28(25.6%) Marital Status Single Married Widow Divorce 60(61.2%) 38(38.8%) 0(0%) 0(0%) Source: Changchit,   Shawn J. Douthit,   Benjamin Hoffmeyer (2005) http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0OGT/is_3_5/ai_n16619676/pg_6 TABLE 3: FACTORS ENCOURAGING SHOPPERS TO VISIT A WEBSITE I will visit the website more often if . Average 1. a picture of the product is displayed 5.85 2. the website offers free shipping 5.76 3. it is easy to return the products 5.51 4. the website accuracy of the order is high 5.42 5. the website has a brand reputation 5.41 TABLE 4: FACTORS ENCOURAGING SHOPPERS TO PURCHASE FROM A WEBSITE I am more likely to purchase products/ Average services from the website if . 1. the website offers free shipping 5.86 2. the website offers a discount 5.79 3. it is easy to return the products 5.74 4. a picture of the product is displayed 5.70 5. the website offers tax free shopping 5.51 TABLE 5: FACTORS ENCOURAGING SHOPPERS TO PURCHASE MORE ITEMS I will purchase more items if . Average 1. the website offers a discount 5.71 2. the website offers free shopping 5.67 3. it is easy to return the products 5.64 4. a picture of the product is displayed 5.59 5. I received tax free shopping. 5.57 TABLE 6: FACTORS ENCOURAGING SHOPPERS TO PURCHASE AT A HIGHER PRICE I am willing to pay more if . Average 1. the website offers free shipping 5.20 2. if the item is not available offline 5.14 3. if I can t the product out before-paying 5.10 4. if offered tax free shopping 5.05 5. if the website offers next day shipping 4.94 TABLE 7: FACTORS ENCOURAGING SHOPPERS TO PROVIDE FEEDBACKS I would provide feedback on my shopping Average experience for 1. free shipping 5.61 2. discount 5.41 3. gift card 5.32 4. product sample 5.17 5. discount coupon 5.09 Disadvantages and Advantages of Online shopping Online shopping has its own set of disadvantages and advantages. Not all online shoppers agree to shop online, they would rather shop at the mall than sit in their living room and search for the item they want. As presented on the first report the following are the disadvantages and advantages of online shopping: Table 3 Advantages and Disadvantages On line shopping Traditional Shopping Time Unlimited you can purchase online anytime you want. No closing and opening hours You can shop at limited time only. Availability One will be able to know right away if the item is

The C++ Programming Language :: Software Programmer Computer Essays

The C++ Programming Language Computer technology has evolved at an amazing rate during the last few decades. Today a laptop computer can compute faster and store more information than a whole computer system (called mainframe computers) of forty years ago. According to Harvey Deitel and Paul Deitel from Nova University, "A person operating a desk calculator might require decades to complete the same number of calculations a powerful computer can perform in one second" (5). Along with that revolution, computer languages have evolved, too. A language created in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie called C quickly became very helpful and popular because of its features. In 1983 Bjarne Stroustrup developed C++, which is much like C, but with a number of important extensions. C++ has been described as "one of the most important programming languages of the 1990s and promises to continue strongly into the 2000s" (Prata 1). As a computer programmer, I have had opportunities to work with this language to write system soft ware. I have found many interesting things about this language: it has certain characteristics over other languages. The most remarkable are: portability, brevity, C compatibility, object-oriented programming and speed. Most of us would agree that computers have become an integral part of society. We can touch them and see the results of their incredible capabilities. But a computer does nothing until directed to do so. Computers are able to perform many different tasks. These tasks are not made by the computer itself, but they are performed following a series of predefined instructions that conform what we call a program. The computer programs that run on a computer are referred to as software. A computer does not have enough creativity to make tasks for which it is not programmed, so it can only follow the instructions of the programs that it has been programmed for. The ones in charge to generate programs so that the computers may perform new tasks are programmers. For many years, the principle goal of computer programmers was to write short and efficient programs. When programmers choose a programming language to write, the first consideration is known as "level of the programming language." The level determines how near to the hardware (devices such as keyboard, screen, disks, memory and processing unit that comprise a computer) the programming language is. Machine language, the first generation was written at a basic level of computer operation called low-level language, which used symbols for instructions (e.

The Boy Who Saves Baseball

Although this small town Is loved by many, Tolland has really gone down and a lot f the town's leaders want to sell Dilatation land to developers who say they will turn the run down community into new homes, stores, and bigger and better things. Although most of the land has already been sold, Doc Alternative, a huge baseball fan, hasn't agreed to sell his land. This land happens to be where the baseball park sits. After being cornered by the mayor who begs him to sell the property and the historical group who begs him to not sell the land, Doc decides that he will keep the field If the Wildcats can beat their rival team.If the Wildcats lose, he will sell the land to the developers who will tear up the field to build new buildings. The Wildcats are scared of losing the challenge. The main reason they are worried is that they cannot hit or catch and the game is only five days away. Dante Del Goat, a former player of the San Diego Padres, decides to coach the team. At the first practic e a 12 year old kid named Cruz De la Cruz walks up. No one knows him, but Cruz quickly makes friends with the team.He can hit every ball that comes his ay and can catch every ball that Is hit or thrown to him. More Importantly, he helps build the team's confidence, courage, and a new found love for the game. After a week of hard and unusual training, the team is feeling good about the big game, but Cruz De la Cruz disappears. The team quickly realizes that it is up to them to win the game. Worst yet, with Cruz gone, Tom has to play. He is the worst player and as if things couldn't get worse, he has to pitch because Maria, the main pitcher has been Injured.After a long and hard game, the Wildcats manage to win, but their excitement was overcome by grief when they found out that Doc Alternative has had a heart attack and died. The team, especially Tom thinks that the field will surely not be saved no matter what. In the end, Tom finds out that Doc wanted him to inherit his estate when he died. The baseball field is safe now because of the win and the generosity of Doc Alternative. The Boy Who Saves Baseball By Sharron The Boy Who Saved Baseball begins by introducing its readers to a fun lovingAlthough this small town is loved by many, Dilatation has really gone down and a lot baseball fan, hasn't agreed to sell his land. This land happens to be where the he will keep the field if the Wildcats can beat their rival team. If the Wildcats lose, he will sell the land to the developers who will tear up the field to build new buildings. Way and can catch every ball that is hit or thrown to him. More importantly, he helps build the team's confidence, courage, and a new found love for the game. Has been injured.

Is Bolivia a Quality Democracy

Is Bolivia a Quality Democracy Free Online Research Papers Democracy is defined by Princeton University as â€Å"the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives.† (University 2010) Basically a democracy is a government that is run by the people and/or its elected officials. A democracy is a government that is meant to serve the will and needs of the people to improve life in all aspects. Both the USA and Canada are examples of successful, and long lived, democracies. The opening to the book Assessing the Quality of Democracy states the essences of democracy and the need for it to be an adaptive state: â€Å"As democracy has spread over the past three decades to a majority of the world’s states, analytic attention has turned increasingly from explaining the character of democratic regimes. Much of the democratic literature of the 1990s was concerned with the consolidation of democratic regimes. In recent years, social scientists as well as democracy practitioners and aid agencies have sought to develop means of framing and assessing the quality of democracy. This stream of theory, methodological innovation, and empirical research has three broad motives; First, that deepening democracy is a moral good, if not an imperative; second, that reform to improve democratic quality are essential is democracy is to achieve the broad and durable legitimacy that marks consolidation, and third, that long established democracies must reform if they are to attend to their own gathering problems of public dissatisfaction and even disillusionment.† (Diamond and Morlino 2005, 1) Skipping ahead a little in the book they go in to say, â€Å"Who is to define what constitutes a ‘good’ democracy, and to what extent is a universal conception of democratic quality possible? How can the effort to address deficiencies of democracy avoid becoming paternalistic exercises in which the established democracies take themselves for granted as models and so escape scrutiny? How can assessments of democratic quality go beyond mere analytics and be useful to political reformers, civil society activists, international donors, and others who seek to improve the quality of democracy? These are only some of the questions that pervade and motivate this growing subfield of study.† (Diamond and Morlino 2005) From this we can see how deciding whether or not a country is a quality democracy is a little tricky and involves many different facets of thought. This paper is obvious my approach and opinions in this matter and it is very possible I am wrong in my assumptions. A quality democracy is defined, in my opinion, by several things. First, and foremost, is the concern for the people and their welfare before anything else. The people are the country, and the reason for any kind of governing system. The second mark of a good democracy is the dedication to bettering the economical wellbeing and stability of the country. The more prosperous a country becomes the better the living situations and the overall quality of life should increase within that state. The goal should be to become prosperous in order to benefit the country and its people as a whole; not to make the government more powerful or wealthy. Not that the country has to be a rich one to be a quality democracy just that the ultimate goals and values are those that are for the betterment of the country, and not politicians. My thesis for this research is that Bolivia is not a quality democracy and the facts and research outlined in this paper will either prove or disprove this statement. Political and Governmental To take a quick look back to the 16th century, Bolivia was originally populated with an Indian population that was under the rule of the Incan Empire and used to be known as Upper Peru. (Skidmore, Smith and Green 2010) They gained their Independence in 1825 from Peru and renamed the country after independence fighter Simon Bolivar, who subsequently became Bolivia’s first president, which at that point in history was intended for life. Part of the power of the president at this point in history was the power to nominate his presidential successor. Even though Bolivia had a president, all the workings and policies reflected those of a monarchy. This is just a quick look into the first instance of a Bolivian president, even if it is not in the modern sense and concepts. One point that kept showing with the research into Bolivia is similarity to most other Latin American countries by having a long history of military interference with the government. Currently, Bolivia is considered a Democratic Republic and has recently drafted, and implemented, a new constitution in 2009. It is a completely electoral state including the smaller governing bodies such as mayors of the smaller towns. Since Bolivia is a democracy, it is ruled by a President elect who is the head of the government as well as the head of state. There are nine departments in the Administrative divisions of the government with many smaller branches. â€Å"The reforms (of the 1990s) just changed a few, but it wasn’t enough. It was a change in name only. They, the politicians, made the changes among themselves, the authorities. They never consulted with the people (el pueblo) †¦ So, the people arose, they got mad and the kicked out Goni (the president, Gonazales Sanchez de Lozada). (Grey 2007) The third millennium is the epoch of the original peoples, no longer that of the empire; it is the epoch o the struggle against the (neoliberal) economical model.† This quote is from Bolivia’s current president Evo Morales, the former leader of the coca growers union and a member of the Movement toward Socialism party. He was also descended from the indigenous Indians who had lived in Bolivia for centuries. (CIA 2010) Morales has been in office since 2005 and was re-elected into office in 2009, which is highly unusual since according to the old Bolivian constitution a president can only serve one term in office. In the old constitution, the president would be chosen by the Senate if neither of the candidates was over 50 percent of the popular vote. The drafting of a new constitution in 2009 allowed a candidate to be re-elected if neither of the new candidates were over 50 percent of the popular vote and if the margin of votes was less than 10 percent dividing them. (CIA 2010) (Reuters 2010) (Coster 2010)This erases the term limit that is placed on the former president and allows him to enter the race. This was history making because it w as the first time in Bolivia that a president ran for re-election, let alone won and started a second term. Plus, it had the added feature that he was part of the indigenous people descended from the Incans of the past. â€Å"Morales†¦ broadened the scope to include real participation of the Indian population in local and national governance†¦ Morales organized a special inauguration ceremony following Aymara (the indigenous people) rituals prior to the official event. He represented himself as the first full-blood indigenous president who was dedicated to overturning Bolivia’s centuries-old social hierarchy. After centuries of oppression, this was a stunning culmination and display of newly found Indian power.† (Skidmore, Smith and Green 2010, 181) Morales policies are intended to focus the countries resources towards those areas that need it and not the ones that already have a stable means of support, such as the natural gas areas and the farming areas. Part of the new constitution was the re-distribution of land to the people to balance the prosperity of the land with the impoverish people. The idea was to give the people not only a way to feed themselves but also a way to make a little extra money and better their lots in life. This, obviously, was not a popular idea with the prosperous land owners who had long enjoyed the privileges of their class. Another area where he lacked popular support was with the indigenous classes that he so proudly came from. He didn’t fluently speak either of the native languages and the majority of the time speaks Spanish. According to The New York Times; â€Å"Officials in the lowlands, where most of Bolivia’s food and petroleum are produced, ridiculed the new charter. But others say the new Constitution addresses underrepresentation of Indians, pointing to articles that would reserve seats for them in Congress and in other areas of the fast-growing bureaucracy. Even Mr. Morales’s cabinet has just two Indian ministers; his top aides, the vice president (a former guerrilla) and the chief of staff (a former military officer), are light-skinned intellectuals† (par 9 10) The new constitution was created to try and balance the social classes as well as stabilize the economy but it seems regardless of the changes made there was still mass unhappiness in Bolivia with the various aspects of change that Morales has, and wants to, implement in Bolivian society. Officially Bolivia calls itself a Plurinational State which basically translates to a focus on the diversity and needs of the population. The general idea is that the government distributes the nation’s income to different areas in order to help those who need it the most. These general ideals aren’t that different from the Marxist ideas that are so prevalent in Latin Americas history. (Skidmore, Smith and Green 2010) I am including a breakdown from the CIA’s World Fact Book of the political structure to help illustrate how the Bolivian government is constructed. Branches: Executive Branch- which includes the president and governmental cabinet. Legislative Branch- there are actually two legislative chambers in Bolivia. Congress also falls under this branch. Judicial Branch- There are five levels of jurisdiction in the Bolivian judicial system. It is headed by the Supreme Court with has a separate Constitutional Tribunal, as well as a Supreme Electoral Tribunal which rules on matters related to the electoral process. There are nine departments that are subdivisions of the government which is headed by elected governors. Within the political system in Bolivia there are four major political parties. They are: 1. Movement Towards Socialism (MAS), 2. National Unity (UN), 3. Fearless Movement (MSM), 4. Social Alliance (AS) There are many smaller civilian-based parties but none that are of any consequence or major influence. (Government 2010) There is history involved in the politics that would indicate that Bolivia was a bad democracy, but the recent changes in the government, both leadership and structurally that are showing great promise and potential in making Bolivia a quality democracy. So far my thesis seems to be in jeopardy of being proven false. Social The majority of the general populous still has a high content of Indian descendents and most are fiercely proud of that heritage. As stated previously, the large majority of the Bolivian population is indigenous and descendant from the Incan Indians that had inhabited the area before Spanish conquest. Originally under the control of the Viceroy of Lima the land then called Upper Peru would eventually become Bolivia. The majority of the proceeds from the silver that was mined there was a very large contributing factor to the Spanish Empire. Towards the beginning of the nineteenth century Upper Peru declared its independence from Peru and Spain, renaming itself after the freedom fighter Simon Bolivar in the mid-eighteen twenties. Just because independence was achieved this didn’t meant instant stability or prosperity. The growth of a new government was slow and there were constant changes and upheavals in the first half century or so. Some of their land was even taken over by Chile, which effectively cut off sea access and the ease of trade that Bolivia had enjoyed and taken for granted for all those years while still under Spanish control. Not only did Bolivia mine gold and silver, they had gold mines as well, which became one of the few saving graces for this newly independent country. Gold was ever increasing in value in the world market. Gold mining was definitely a profitable endeavor for the mine owner as well as the country, but this was soon surpassed by the mining and exporting of tin. The natural reserves of tin far outweighed any of the other metals and other natural resources that Bolivia possessed. The increase in wealth with the mine owners had an eventual effect on the political systems in Bolivia, when they decided that they wanted or needed anything they would simple hire strong arms and place pressure on the still weak government. This was a fairly successful method, especially since a large majority of the countries jobs and income came from the mines. Despite the wealth of the various mines and other natural resources available to Bolivia, it has a very high poverty rate because it is still one of the least developed countries in Latin America by comparison. Somewhere around two thirds of the population consists of impoverished subsistence farmers. The annual population rate is incredibly low, averaging less than two percent a year. (Grey 2007) Another factor in the social state is the literacy rate, which is also very low. Many of the children attend less than a year of schooling in their lives, and that is if they are lucky enough to get that. The prominent religion is Roman Catholic thanks to the early influences from Spain; however there is a slowing rising Protestant movement in recent years. The poverty rate in Bolivia is staggeringly high, toping over sixty percent of the general populous. That would roughly be around six million people all living in squalor with no sewage system, no running water, no medical care and barely enough food to survive. (Grey 2007) The people have bad working conditions in the silver and tin mines, as well as no education or any opportunities to better their lots in life. The Great Depression was especially hard on Bolivia cutting the price of tin down below half of what it was. Because of the loss of the easy sea access, shipping costs had always been high for Bolivia and the effects of the Depression were devastating. While the struggling economy from the Depression almost crippled them, tin would eventually bring Bolivia out of its slump and in later years and place them as one of the four leading suppliers of tin worldwide. Working in the mines in dangerous conditions and low pay was a prominent social structure until a war broke out with Paraguay in the nineteen thirties. The shock of the war helped the working classes realize that they needed more from life and formed various social groups to pursue and hopefully achieve these goals. The workers in the mines were both men and woman. Often times there were even children that worked the mines in order to help feed their families. One woman worker from the mines said, â€Å"We eat the mines and the mines eat us†. (Skidmore, Smith and Green 2010, 158) This shows the general feeling that was prevalent among the people, especially those in the mines. According to The New York Times many laws were recently passed to fight different aspects that were considered problematic to society in including racism. â€Å"Bolivia’s leftist president, Evo Morales, signed an anti-racism law Friday that his opponents say could be used to stifle media criticism of his government. The law allows authorities to close down news outlets deemed to have published racist content, which has led to protests by senators from the eastern region of Santa Cruz, the nation’s richest area and an opposition stronghold. Mr. Morales, Bolivia’s first president of native Indian descent, said the measure ensured greater equality for the indigenous majority in South America’s poorest nation.† (Reuters 2010) This shows at least a general awareness, if not concern, for the stability of the relationship of the people of Bolivia by its leadership and the recognition of the need for change and evolution. They recognized that there are problems present from the history of the country and they want to change as a way to move Bolivia towards a more modern and tolerant society. From research, the social structure of Bolivia is a divided and impoverished one. There is drastic difference in the social classes and there is little available to move out of where you are born. Classically speaking I would say that Bolivia had a very poor social structure and that directly reflects on the government’s influences and practices. Looking at the past social aspects of Bolivia I would say this was definitely an argument towards Bolivia not being a quality democracy, however with the new governmental changes and the amendments to the constitution that distributes money where it is needed and gives land to the workers, I would definitely say that Bolivia is on the right track to correct mistakes and problems of the past. The governing body is showing concern for the needs of the people and working to fill those needs. Once again there is hope for this small country in regards to a new governing body that works and is beneficial to country and the people. Economic systems Economically speaking, Bolivia is one of the poorest and least developed countries in modern Latin America. (Government 2010) There have been recent discovery of natural gas deposits and the country is hopeful this will help boost them as a significant player in the world economy. Other industries include; sugarcane, tobacco, petroleum, mining and clothing. Bolivia’s original exports that brought them commerce and eventually times of economic stability, were silver and tin. Because of the changing times and the advancements of the times, tin was surprisingly the leading export for Bolivia for many years and is still one of the major mining and export industries in the country. There were other natural resources that were present in Bolivia and a major one was petroleum. There were wells being drilled as early as 1916 by private companies and when the Bolivian government saw the value in this industry, they simple nationalized the entire operation by the end of the nineteen thirties. The petroleum industry was a steady export and the peak for Bolivian petroleum was in the 1970s and steadily declined after. The ever changing global economy and market contributed to the decline in the Bolivian petroleum industry, they are a small country and they were competing against many large countries, most of which the drilling companies were privately owned and inevitably, by the early 1990s the oil industry returns to being privately owned. (Skidmore, Smith and Green 2010, 158) Another export, though not as prevalent as their other ones or quite as legal in many cases, was coca. This plant is what is used in the manufacturing of cocaine and thrives in the South American climate. The farming of this plant not only affects the economical structure in Bolivia but it has some political connotations as well. Helen Coster of the Washington Post wrote, â€Å"The United States says that Bolivia the worlds third-largest producer of coca, after Colombia and Peru produces too much excess coca, which is often processed into cocaine and sold in South America and Europe. Critics say the decision is political, intended to punish Bolivia for its lack of cooperation in the U.S.-led war on drugs, specifically President Evo Moraless decision to kick out the Drug Enforcement Administration in 2008. Washington is saying that if youre not fighting the war on drugs the way we want you to, well punish you, says Sdenka Silva Ballon, a sociologist and founder of the Museo de la Coca in La Paz. If Bolivia had invited DEA agents back, then the U.S. would probably be pleased with its efforts. (Coster 2010) The Bolivian government takes a stance against drugs and the production of cocaine but refuses to outlaw the farming of the coca plant. Coster goes on to say, â€Å"Coca is an issue that has long defined U.S.-Bolivian relations, and which Morales, a cocalero and head of the coca growers federation, uses to galvanize his base.†Evos electoral stronghold was the cocaleros and other groups with the same school of thought: the have-nots neglected by the government masses, says Caesar Guedes, representative of the U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime in Bolivia. Theres a thin line where the government has to be careful: keep the culture of coca without the support and endorsement of cocaine. It takes work for the government to make that message clear. (Coster 2010) While the production of cocaine is obviously illegal, the farming of the leafy plant is not and surprisingly plays a part in the history of the country. The indigenous people have long used this plant as a medicine to combat fatigue, hunger and thirst. It had also been used as a mild anesthetic before stronger ones were wildly available. There were also smaller tribes that used the plant in religious ceremonies to assist in vision quests and many times was used as an offering to their gods. There was a brief gold rush in the 1980s which fit right into the countries mining history and for a short time they were exporting around 80 percent of the legal gold exports in the world market. The Bolivian economy was history making in the 1980s with prices increasing by over 20,000 percent in a one year period. This was a real threat until a new government was formed in the end of 1985 that instigated a stabilization program. This plan capped prices and halted inflation and actually lessened it for awhile. Not too long after it started to rise again. There was not one major war that effected the Bolivian economy but the buildup of the various government coups that seem to be very prevalent in this country’s history. They were also affected by high interest rates, price drops for commodities and the instability of the foreign markets. The country hoped that the solution to their economic problems was Siles Suazo, who was elected in 1980 but did not take office until 1982. His government would have power for a short three years. By this point in their history Bolivia could not obtain any foreign loans and the inflation rate was over 300 percent annually. According to Juan Antonio; â€Å"By any standard, Bolivias economic crisis in the 1980s has been extraordinary. Like its neighbors. Bolivia suffered from major external shocks, but the extent of economic collapse in the face of these shocks (including a hyperinflation during 1984-85) suggests that internal factors as well as external shocks have been critical to Bolivias poor economic performance. One major theme of our work is that the recent economic crisis in Bolivia is a reflection of political and economic conflicts in Bolivian society that have undermined the development process throughout this century. While major reforms have been begun by the present government, many of the deepest problems in Bolivian society that contributed to the crisis remain unresolved.† (Antonio 1988) Natural gas became a commodity for this small country. A major pipeline was constructed in the 1970s and twenty years later another line was built due to an agreement with Brazil for export. Bolivia has the second largest reserve of natural gas in Latin America and equaled almost 30 percent of its exports. Controversy was sparked due to control of the natural gas and the economical impact it would have on the surrounding areas. Based upon the research for Bolivia contained in this research, I would say historically this was, and is, a fairly weak and poor country. The political structure was constantly unstable with various instances of military involvement. The recent strides with the redrafting of the country’s Constitution shows promise for the country’s future, and the future of the people. The discovery of the gas reserves is also a promising note for the country. I don’t see historic Bolivia as a good example of a quality democracy because of the aforementioned facts; however, I do see potential and hope for this country in the coming years. Recent times and changes within the government system and leaders have shown a renewed hope and energy that Bolivia will become a stable and prosperous nation. There are many years of calamity and disaster for Bolivia and the hurdles that the new powers have to jump are not easy ones. They are showing themselves to be loyal Bolivian citizens a s well as practical minded in regards to the changes that were/are needed to make their homeland something to be proud of. Antonio, Juan. Bolivias Economical Crisis. NBER Working Paper Series, Vol. w2620, June 1988. CIA. The World Fact Book. September 29, 2010. www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bl.htm. Coster, Helen. Bolivia Walks the Line as it Struggles to Battle Coca Production. The Washington Post, November 13, 2010. Diamond, Larry Jay, and Leonardo Morlino. Assessing the Quality of Democracy. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. Government, US. U.S. Department of State Diplomacy in Action. May 13, 2010. www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3575.htm. Grey, Nancy. Now We are Citizens; Indigenous Politics in Post-multicultural Bolivia. New York: Stanford University Press, 2007. Reuters. Bolivia: New Law Called Threat to Media Critism of Government. October 09, 2010. Skidmore, Thomas E., Peter H. Smith, and James N. Green. Modern Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. University, Princeton. WordNet, A Lexicon Database for English. September 20, 2010. www.wordnetweb.princeton.edu. 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